Saturday, December 28, 2019

The Theory Of Evolution Is The Most Popular Theory People

There are so many questions and mysteries about humans came to be. The theory of evolution is the most popular theory people follow to help explain. Evolution tries to explain that life is constantly adjusting to its environment and making small changes through generations. It is believed that when life first started it all came from the same thing. Everything that is living on the earth right now has dna in common with humans. Scientists aren’t sure if there could have been multiple trees of life and one tree of life just happened to be the best and become the lone survivor, this is just another possibility that we can never be to certain of. Its believed that humans evolved from a species such as chimps. The chimp is what we have the most in common with when it comes to dna. We even have dna in common with plants. Nobody is certain on exactly what life is and why we are here but we do know that everything that is living is able to adjust to its environment. It makes improvem ents and always takes a step closer to becoming the perfect race. I believe that humans are the most evolved species out as of now due to the level of our intelligence and abilities our body has such as having a thumb and being able to grab things. Evolution is a theory that makes a lot of sense because we have proof that there are always changes made to a species. There have been many fossils found throughout our history which show characteristics very similar to a modern day human but notShow MoreRelatedCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution918 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is the most successful theory of it’s kind. Darwin’s idea of Natural Selection has found success not just in the organic world, but also in human society. This is no coincidence. After Darwin’s Beagle voyage, he returned to England during the Industrial Revolution. As a man of wealth, Darwin acted as a first-hand witness to the societal changes occurring ar ound him. The Industrial Revolution, along with the corresponding economic theories played a large role inRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution1339 Words   |  6 PagesCountless scientists spent their lives working on a succinct theory of evolution, but none found as great of popularity and success as Charles Darwin. Using his concept of Natural Selection, Darwin managed to explain evolution in not just the organic world, but also in humans. The fact that Darwin’s theory transfers so easily to human society is no coincidence. After Darwin’s Beagle voyage, he returned to England during the Industrial Revolution. As a man of wealth, Darwin acted as a first-hand witnessRead MoreCreationism: The Center of Our Universe and Life Essay examples1605 Words   |  7 PagesMany people believe that through the theory of evolution life began. However the world’s most popular book is the Bible. The Bible is also on almost every critics top ten list of books that should b e read. So how can the world’s most popular book be wrong? Many who have read the Bible believe that only through the power of God life began upon the Earth. There are many people who do not believe in the theory of evolution and instead believe in the power of divine creationism. Creationism is a beliefRead MoreEssay on Christian Beliefs in the Origins of the World511 Words   |  3 Pagesuniverse, as it could not have come from nothing. He believed that God was the creator. In Exodus 20:11, we read that God created everything in just six days - and that this was inscribed with Gods own finger onto a stone tablet. Some people believe that God’s power is far greater than we could possibly imagine, and that the Bible teaches that God only has to speak and things happen (see Psalm 33:6,9). This would explain how God managed to create the entire universe inRead MoreThe Validity of The Evolutionary Theory Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe evolution theory, one of the most significant theories, laid groundwork for the study of modern biological science. This theory has lead scientists into unending debates due to lack of empirical supports. Until the mid-eighteenth century, when Charles Darwin came up with an explanation to evolution, scientists, then, began to endorse this hypothesis. In â€Å"Natural Selection,† Darwin explains the natural selection, a plausible mechanism that causes evolution, to gain approval of his cynical audienceRead MoreThe Theory of Evolution and Survival of the Fittest Essay1046 Words   |  5 Pagessound crazy? The theory of evolution, in basic terms, speculates that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor. The theory of evolution and survival of the fittest has been around since the time of the ancient Greeks and maybe earlier. Evolution has provided people of th e world with an explanation of how everyone and everything got here. Although, this theory has sparked a lot of debate, the factual side of evolution is quite interesting. Contrary to popular belief, Charles DarwinRead More Evolution Vs. Creationism Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution vs. Creationism Abstract In the history of science vs. religion there have been no issues more intensely debated than evolution vs. creationism. The issue is passionately debated since the majority of evidence is in favor of evolution, but the creation point of view can never be proved wrong because of religious belief. Human creation breaks down into three simple beliefs; creation theory, naturalistic evolution theory, and theistic evolution theory. The complexities of all threeRead More evolution v. creation Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pages Evolution nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Should the stork theory appear in books on reproduction? How about astrological lore in expositions on astronomy? It would be unreasonable to even consider those ridiculous concepts. This is why the idea of creation should not be considered as the answer to how life began. Rather, the theory of evolution accounts for the creation of life. Charles Darwin is credited with creating the theory of evolution. Evolution assumes that all natural forms arose fromRead MoreThe Effects Of Clinical Depression On An Individual s Dreaming1485 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch in the field of dreaming. Social scientists and psychologists are so keen to delve into the workings of the unconscious brain, resulting in countless breakthroughs and theories as to why and how we dream. There is an article about the effect of clinical depression on an individual’s dreaming. It has been found that people suffering from depression dream three times more than those without depressio n. This is due to the higher levels of emotional arousal to get out of their system. â€Å"DepressionRead MoreScientific Theories Are Not Random Guesses894 Words   |  4 Pagesbelief is that of science, then they probably believe in Darwin’s theory of evolution which states all organisms originated from microscopic organisms who have changed and been modified over time. However, whatever your theory may be, it is only plausible if it accurately describes an observation and makes definite predictions about the results of future observations. As the National Academy of Sciences explains, a scientific theory is â€Å"a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is

Friday, December 20, 2019

The Importance of Listening Skills in the Workplace Essay

Assessment Task: Given that listening accounts for 45 per cent of time spent on communication (Eunson 2012:310), argue the importance of listening skills in the workplace. Your analysis should identify three specific listening behaviors and provide examples to demonstrate how these skills promote communication and understanding. Support your analysis with relevant communication theory and evidence from appropriate academic sources. Listening skills play a significant role in evaluating communication capabilities in the workplace throughout the globe. It affects all kinds of interactions and becomes part of problem solving. Thought communication encounters, workers are able to learn why they trust or distrust each†¦show more content†¦In one stage of communication, the quality of conversation can be improved when the workers are engaged in active listening. For instance, note taking during meetings which challenge both individual listening and writing skills, encourages co-workers to improve their sort-term memory to be more active later that day (Hybels Weaver 2008,). It helps listeners to verify their understanding, and it gives the other person an opportunity to elaborate on main point of the information. Active and effective listening behaviours have a huge impact on the growth of business in the work place, because it shows the interaction between co-workers and how they deal with problems in the ir environment (Eunson 2012). Active and effective listening demonstrates the ability of workers to hear and feel what the other people want so say without judgment. Thus, active and effective listening skills have positively impact on the workplace. Remaining silent is an essential component of communication based on listening skill. This skill encourage people to participate, giving attention to listen to other people when they talking without interruption (Hybels Weave 2008). More over, as people they make an ethical agreement to listen to the other, they focused their attention on them without acknowledging competing thoughts (Gamble Gamble 2013). It is widely recognized that, listening can be defined as paying attention to other people when they talk. In addition, as human beingsShow MoreRelated The Importance of Effective Listening Skills in the Workplace538 Words   |  3 PagesThe Importance of Effective Listening Skills in the Workplace Every business consists of a variety of communication activities such as listening, speaking, questioning, gathering and participating in small work groups. The listening skill is one of the most important aspects of communication process. It helps to understand and read the other person’s message. Effective listening skills create positive workplace relationships which influence our opinions and responsiveness to one another. Read MoreThe Importance Of Active Listening, Positive Verbal Communication And Understanding Level Of Communication1588 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Active Listening, Positive Verbal Communication and Understanding Level of Communication with Different Clients. Communication is an essential skill that involves the ability to exchange our attitude, thoughts and feelings through written, verbal and non-verbal interaction with each other (Crisp, Potter, Perry, 2013). In a wide range of workplaces, these interactions are primarily used to develop professional relationships with clients. To discuss the importance of effectiveRead MoreEffective Communication Skills Are Essential For Success1222 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Effective Communication skills are essential for success in every organization. Individuals today in the workplace need to effectively communicate with employees, customers and potential clients. Effective and clear communication if not delivered in the right manner could be interpreted by the receiver and have a negative impact. There are many barriers that can effect a conversation such as cultural differences, gender and environment. Employees can learn how to adapt in differentRead MoreThe Importance of Team Communication Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance 1 Running head: THE IMPORTANCE OF TEAM COMMUNICATION The Importance of Team Communication The Importance 2 Abstract This paper will discuss the importance of effective communication among teams whether in a professional or educational setting. The intended information will create a broader understanding of how team members establish communication: assigning a leader, what each member is expected to do in order to achieve the desired goal or goals and attainRead MorePersonality Profile Reflection Paper1743 Words   |  7 Pagesactions have on performance in the workplace. To provide a personal perspective of personality characteristics, the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) assessment was used to measure aspects of my personality and how these traits relate to working with others and life within an organization. Key observations provide specific insight into how these are applied to workplace behavior and interactions with others. Personal self-reflection related to workplace behavior is offered, including lessonsRead MorePersonal Self Reflection Paper1734 Words   |  7 Pagesimpact individual behavior has on the workplace. To provide a personal perspective of personality characteristics, the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) assessment was used to measure aspects of my personality and how these traits relate to working with others and life within an organization. Key observations provide specific insight into how these are applied to workplace behavior and interactions with others. Personal self-reflection related to workplace behavior is offered, including lessonsRead MoreThe Importance Of Rapport Building For Effective Communication1527 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Rapport Building for Effective Communication Communication is a fundamental constituent of workplace operation, particularly for those working in health care. For health care professionals, this is extremely important as verbal and non-verbal communication are critical for ensuring that correct diagnosis and treatment is provided. This was reinforced when I had the opportunity to speak to a psychiatric nurse about the communications skills she considers to be essential for buildingRead MoreUnderstanding The 10 Principles Of Listening825 Words   |  4 Pagesthe People In the workplace, interpersonal skills play an important role. These are life skills used daily in order to communicate with groups and also individually. Both professionally and in their personal lives, people with strong interpersonal skills typically have higher success, and employers tend to hire employees who have them. (â€Å"What are Interpersonal Skills?†, n.d). Listening, or the ability to correctly receive and interpret information, is a key interpersonal skill for business communicationRead MoreSample Resume : Soft Skills1175 Words   |  5 PagesSoft Skills in Workplace Volunteering and Internships Carrie Priest MGT300 –Principles of Management Colorado State University – Global Campus Melinda Curley October 16, 2016 Soft Skills in Workplace Volunteering and Internships In this paper I will explore the four soft skills I have selected that are important to my mentorship opportunity and how these soft skills would positively impact my mentorship experience. I am currently involved in the Leadership Mentor Program at work where seniorRead MoreEffective Communication in the Workplace Essay1220 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication Barriers in the Workplace Communication barriers in the workplace can have a serious effect on the functioning and of an organization. In the following article we shall understand what some of these communication barriers are and how to overcome them. Ads by Google Improve Communication Our NLP Training Program Helps You Overcome Your Fears. Enroll Today! www.EasyNLP.com/ Conflict Management How much is conflict costing you? Assessment, Training, Coaching www.StrategicLeadershipCoaching

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Marketing Strategy Home Business Success -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Marketing Strategy Home Business Success? Answer: Introducation The below-presented analysis has been made focused on developing and introducing a new and healthy flavor in coffee by Caffee that is a coffee house in Melbourne. And this is due to a hike in the demand and consumption of coffee rate in Melbourne city. On the basis of the research conducted by Australian Bureau of Statistic, it has been analyzed that the ratio of drinking coffee was 46%as compared with 38% that of management tea in the year 2014. But too much drinking coffee was causing various harms to the health of individuals and hence the idea of Green coffee beans was introduced. Moreover, for generating revenue after the costappliedandexpenseis a key to the shop's sustainability. Environmental analysis The concept is concerned with the internal and the external factors which play an integral role in stimulating the business environment for the organization and the product. As per the given scenario, Green coffee beans are the innovative idea which has been introduced for the coffee lovers and also to minimize the bad effects of consumption of coffee on the health of individuals in Melbourne. There are number of internal and external factors that are held responsible for stimulating the business environment and the demand and sale of the concerned product. There will be various positive and negative impacts on the products demand and value. The varied range of approaches can be adopted by Caffe and these approaches will aid in attaining the number of data and methods for developing the business. These methods will be proven beneficial in attaining a sustainable position in the market. For instance, for internal environmental analysis, the approach of SWOT analysis can be adopted, wh ich will assist in getting aware of the strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats of the product. Market and customer analysis Marketing analysis is termed as an activity which generates awareness regarding the various conditions and aspects of the market. This research will enable Caffe with the relevant data and also determines the suitability of the marketplace for the particular product or the entity. This analysis will aid the entity in providing a holistic picture of the market in which the brand is interested in. For instance, a market analysis will aid in generating information about the market of Melbourne, the changing marketing trends, technological up-gradation etc. These aspects of the market will aid in developing and establishing the product in a new market region (Cmgpartners 2018). The next segment is customer analysis which will develop awareness regarding the various aspects and characteristics of the customer within the target market. This analysis has been considered as a critical component in each and every stage of growth for a new product and hence will be proven best for Green coffee beans in Melbourne. Customer analysis comprises of the buying patterns, income level, tastes and perceptions of the consumers. These elements are held liable for stimulating the demand for the product. Objectives The aim or the accomplishments expected by the business entity to be attained throughout the year are known as objectives. Business goals are the most integral part of a planning process. There is the diverse range of objectives established by a business entity and same are in the case for the Caffe in Melbourne and that is planning to introduce the new flavor of coffee. The below presented are the financial, marketing and other objectives for stakeholders: Financial objectives Widening the profit margins up-to 35% as compared to the last year Increase in returns on the capital invested Growth in revenues and earnings by 50% each Diversification in revenue base Marketing objectives Growth in market share and customer base by 35% and 30% respectively Launching new flavors of coffee (Plewa, Conduit and Quester, 2016) Increase of 50% in sales Other stakeholders objectives Establishing strong relations with customers and other stakeholders Launching revenue generation schemes Offering the best flavor with quality and healthy components in coffee at one place to the customers Target market The concept is concerned with the various consumer segments which are targeted by the business corporation for advancing and establishing and promoting the brand equity in the marketplace. Caffe can develop consumer segments or the target market on the basis of the various components which are the most integral elements of the consumer segments (Marshall, Desborde and Thach, 2016). The below mentioned is the target market which has been developed on the basis of some variants such psychographics and demographics: Demographics: This segment is one of an integral part of the target market and under this Caffe can segment the consumers on the basis of age, gender, income, ethnicity etc. Caffe can target mainly men and women between age 25-44 and young adults, aged 18-24. Psychographic: Under this, the consumers can be segmented on the basis of their lifestyles, perceptions, interest towards the product etc. For instance, they can execute an analysis of the consumers who are coffee lovers and should focus on them and advertisements and promotions should be designed accordingly (Armstrong et al., 2014). Marketing strategies A set of plan or action or activities designed for promoting the products and services of a business firm are the marketing strategies (Sheth and Sisodia, 2015). This is the section of the business plan that outlines the game plan for attracting and attaining the customers. The below mentioned are the main components of the marketing strategies which are required to be developed by Caffe for attaining growth and success: Positioning Caffe can develop brand equity by establishing distinct positioning statements. These statements will aid in attracting and attaining huge pool of consumers (Duermyer 2017). Drink Organic, Live Well is the positioning statement which can be used by Caffe for attracting the various segments. The positioning statement will develop a positive value in the mind of the consumers. Product The product designed by the entity is an organic one and that has been innovated for keeping the individuals of Melbourne healthy (Armstrong et al., 2015). It is a new coffee flavor which is made up of Green coffee beans. At starting the coffee will be made available at the caf which will be located at the popular places in the city of Melbourne. As the present era is more focused towards living a healthy life, the concept of organic coffee will be aiding Caffe in sustaining competitive advantage. Recommendations: Caffe should make use of attractive labeling such as the use of bright color themes while packaging and also the material used for packaging should be environmental friendly. People For providing quality services the business entity should focus on motivating, training and taking care of the employees or the staff of the coffee houses. Training sessions should be organized for the staff so as to make them adopt the customer service culture and thus ensuring a high quality for the customers. Moreover, proper motivation as per the performance of the staff should be provided that will enhance the dedication level of the staff towards the customer service (Armelini Villanueva, 2011). The staff should focus towards the expectations and the requirements made by the consumers so as to deliver the high level of satisfaction. Process The managers and the seniors at the Caffe will provide training sessions to the teams and the staff for updating the operations and procedures executed in the organization. Updating will aid the staff to bring development and this will also enhance the performance level. This all will directly affect the services provided by the staff to the customers and will fulfill their expectations. Physical evidence The outlets and the coffee houses are considered as one of the most integral and valuable parts of the business and these factors aid the entity in attaining growth and success (Drucker, 2014). Caffe should develop and design an attractive ambiance for the customers so as to make them feel good. Layout of the coffee house should be spacious, everything should be arranged in a manner, staff should be in proper uniforms etc. Price As the business entity is expecting to launch a new product so the penetration pricing strategy can be used by the business entity for attracting the customers on large scale. According to this pricing strategy, the business firm should keep the prices low at the initial stage and after establishing a customer base and attaining market share the prices can be increased accordingly. Place Distribution channels are the mediums through which the business corporation can make the availability of the products to the consumers. The business entity has limited options for making the products and services available for the consumers (Dorn and Suessmair, 2017). The physical outlets and the coffee houses are the only distribution channels through which the entity is offering the services. These are considered as the direct channels of distribution. Promotion The business firm can make various forms of promotions for widening the market share for the product. Caffe can make a distribution of coupons at public places such as train stations, distributing pamphlets, free samples can be distributed for promoting. Moreover, social media and other online platforms can be utilized for advertising the brand. Further, the business entity can also organize integrated marketing communication sessions so as to develop relations with the customers. Marketing implementation This operation is concerned with the implementation process of all the plans and strategies that are developed by the business entity for executing the business (Deakins and Freel, 2009). The below mentioned is the action plan which has been developed for Caffe so as to make practical implementation of strategies: Actions Starting date End Date Responsible Person Related Department Expenses Establishing new targets and mission statement 1/08/2017 30/09/2017 Managerial authorities Management staff $1500 Communication regarding the determined marketing goals and objectives 1/10/2017 31/12/2017 Managerial authorities Management staff $3500 Generation and innovation of ideas for decision making 1/01/2018 30/04/2018 Concerned experts from departments Heads of departments $2000 Developing substitute and alternative ideas 1/05/2018 30/11/2018 Marketing Executives Marketing department $4000 Making implementation of marketing tactics and plan 1/12/2018 2/03/2019 Managers and executives of marketing and advertising departments Marketing department $4500 Budget Budget for Caffee Resource Amount ($) Stock and Supplies 15,000.00 Machinery 450,000.00 Equipments 20,000.00 Lower Level Staff (15 Staff*$1,000) 15,000.00 Kitchen Staff (10 Staff*$2500) 15,000.00 Senior Staff (10 officials*$4500) 45,000.00 Total 570,000.00 Evaluation and control And at last the business entity is required to develop some strategies for monitoring and making control over the process and operations executed at the business entity. The management staff is held responsible for executing the monitoring and controlling practices. Various approaches and mechanisms can be adopted by the business corporation for monitoring and controlling the various aspects and operations within the organizational structure (Bruni, Gherardi and Poggio, 2014). For instance, for monitoring the performance of the employees the business entity can make use of KPIs. For checking and controlling the quality of the products and services the firm can make use of the approach of TQM. For evaluating and assessing the results of the marketing efforts the business entity can carry out various surveys and researchers which will aid the entity in getting the data about the consumers attitudes and their behavior. Some preventive measures should also be adopted in relation to safeg uarding the environment, such as reduction in food wastage, recycling etc. can be done. References Armelini, G. Villanueva, J., 2011. Adding social media to the marketing mix,IESE insight,vol. 9, pp.29-36. Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S. and Kotler, P., 2014. Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Bruni, A., Gherardi, S. and Poggio, B., 2014. Gender and entrepreneurship: An ethnographic approach. Routledge. Cmgpartners, 2018, What is customer analysis, Assessed on 21st January 2018, https://cmgpartners.com/content/customer-analysis/. Deakins, D. and Freel, M.S., 2009.Entrepreneurship and small firms. McGraw-Hill College. Dorn, T. and Suessmair, A., 2017. Determinants in Pay-What-You-Want Pricing DecisionsA Cross-Country Study.American Journal of Industrial and Business Management,7(02), p.115. Drucker, P., 2014.Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge. Duermyer, R, 2017, Marketing strategy for home business success, Assessed on 21st January 2018, https://www.thebalance.com/marketing-strategy-for-home-business-success-1794314. Marshall, K.P., Desborde, R. and Thach, S., 2016. A Fine Arts Marketing Elective: Justification of Need and Proposed Course Content. Plewa, C., Conduit, J. and Quester, P.G., 2016. Making a Difference Through Marketing. Springer Verlag. Sheth, J.N. and Sisodia, R.S., 2015. Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. Routledge.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Cleaning, Decontamination and Waste Management free essay sample

Understand how to maintain a clean environment to prevent the spread of infection. 1. 1 State the general principals for environmental cleaning The general principals for environmental cleaning are to ensure the hospital environment is as clean as possible to reduce the risk of infection, and that all precautions are taken in accordance to legislation and Healthcare policy’s and guidelines. â€Å"To prevent the transfer of micro-organisms which may cause infection, and to prevent the transfer of foreign protein which may cause adverse reaction and pose the risk of spreading diseases e. g. vCJD. â€Å" Ref: class handout for Decontamination by xxxx 1. 2 Explain the purpose of cleaning schedules Cleaning schedules are put into place to give staff members a routine of when cleaning is due to take place, weekly, daily or monthly. The schedule follows the guidelines recommended by the hospital. The schedule is posted in a visible area and is completed when the cleaning has been completed. The schedule allows the management documentation to complete an audit trail and a record of usage of equipment and materials. A cleaning schedule gives staff members specific task to be completed, it should include the cleaning materials to be used, what items are to be cleaned and how often, and a sign off sheet to be completed when task has been completed 1. 3 Describe how the correct management of the environment minimises the spread of infection To be able to minimise the spread of infection in the environment, all members of staff have to be trained in all aspects of infection control and the methods of waste management. National standards apply to all areas of infection control and the hospital environment by providing the staff with updated training, carrying out cleaning schedules using the correct methods and materials for each task. All staff members are responsible for reducing the risk of infection and contamination of equipment and environments, by following the hospitals policies and procedures to prevent the spread of micro-organisms in the environment. The policies and procedures can be found in each department and contain all the methods of reducing the risk of infection i. e. Endoscopy Unit Decontamination Policy for Endoscopes Decontamination of hospital equipment including medical devices Policy and procedures for Hand Hygiene in Practice Universal infection control policy (UICP) Needle-stick policy and actions to be taken after exposure to blood and bodily fluids (including HIV post exposure Prophylaxis) Management of needle-stick injuries and exposure to blood and high risk bodily fluids Personal Protective equipment policy Health and Safety Policy (safe handling) Oct 2006 1. 4 Explain the reason for the national policy for colour coding of cleaning equipment The reason for a colour coding for cleaning equipment is to prevent cross-contamination and to reduce the risk of spreading infection. â€Å"National Colour-Coding for the British Institute of Cleaning Service. Mops, buckets and aprons will be used in line with national colour codes as indicated below to prevent cross infection from equipment: RED: Sanitary appliances and wash room floors BLUE: General areas GREEN: Kitchen areas YELLOW: Isolation rooms/areas WHITE: Protective isolation rooms† Ref: http://www. ruh. nhs. uk/ The codes are to prevent the spread of infection from one area to another all mops, buckets, cloths should be coloured coded and staff should be know the colour codes and what areas equipment can be used in. 2. Understand the principles and steps of the decontamination process 2. 1 Describe the three steps of the decontamination process 2. 2 Describe how and when cleaning agent are used 2. 3. Describe how and when disinfecting agents are used Decontamination is a process, which destroys or removes microorganisms to prevent them from causing an infection and to prevent the transfer bodily fluids. There are three steps of the decontamination process and depending on the risk of infection and the manufactures information on how to decontaminate a specific piece of equipment. All equipment must be cleaned in between patients if it is re-usable and not for single use. There are three levels of risk High, intermediate and low, and three ways to decontaminate Cleaning, Sterilisation, and Disinfection. Cleaning removes organic matter, and most micro-organisms it does not destroy all micro-organisms, this method also can be used prior to the sterilisation or disinfection of equipment Cleaning is a low grade form of decontamination, when a piece of equipment has not been in contact with a patient or a patient who has healthy unbroken skin. Cleaning is accomplished by using hot water with a detergent using a disposal cloth. I use this process as a social clean prior to the three-step wipe method for the flexible endoscopes we use in the department. When I have finished with the cloth it is disposed of in the yellow clinical waste along with the gloves. When cleaning equipment I ensure they are dried properly to prevent contamination. Disinfection is used when a piece of equipment may have been contamination with a pathogenic micro-organism from mucous membranes or bodily fluids. Disinfection reduces the amount of micro-organisms but it will not destroy all bacteria or viruses. There are two methods of disinfection Heat and chemical disinfectants. Auto-claves are used in the hospital for items e. g. bed pans, endoscopes and devices used on a patient. If a department does not have Auto-claves a liquid form of disinfection can be used i. e. chlorine, we used Clinell disposable wipes to clean beds, surface areas in the department and any spills of blood or body fluids and discard them in the clinical waste container. Sterilisation is used for high risk equipment that has been contaminated by entering the body or had contact with bodily fluids and mucous membranes, this process removes and destroys all pathogenic micro-organisms including bacteria and viruses. The surgical instruments used in the department are place in the red striped used instrument paper bag and placed in CSSD red plastic container where they go for autoclaving in sterile services department. 2. 4 Explain the role of personal protective equipment during the decontamination process Personal Protective equipment is provided in all departments according to the â€Å"Personal Protection Policy June 2008 to prevent cross-infection and to reduce the risk of clothing and skin by patients’ blood, bodily fluids, secretions and excretions† As a healthcare assistance it is my responsibility to protect myself from infection. When working with patients I used the necessary protection, depending on the risk of procedure, or the cleaning of equipment necessary to prevent the risk of infection or cross contamination. I am provided with a gloves, apron, mask and face goggles. The equipment is provided to reduce the risk of exposure to pathogenic microorganism when exposed to used instruments, endoscopes and contact with a patients bodily fluids or secretions they form a barrier and reduce the risk of cross infection or contamination. During a procedure I was my hands as a cleaning, dry them and put on gloves and apron. When the procedure is finished I put them in the clinical waste container and wash my hands. When using the protective equipment to decontaminate flexi scopes it is necessary to wear eye protection to reduce the risk of splashing of chemicals into the eye along with gloves and apron preventing any cross infection on to my clothes or hands. Ref: Personal Protection Policy June 2008 2. 5 Explain the concept of risk in dealing with specific types of contamination 2. 6 Explain how the level of risk determines the type of agent that may be used to decontaminate There are three levels of risk when dealing with specific types of contamination. Level one is a low risk when in contact with healthy unbroken skin and not directly in contact with patients at this level a cleaning would be appropriate to reduce any risk of infection. The second level of risk is intermediate when in contact with bodily fluids, mucus membranes i. e. mouth and nose. Instruments contaminated with virulent or readily transmissible organisms the process to reduce the risk at this level is high level of disinfectant followed by sterilization, this sterilisation should also be done prior to use on immune-compromised patients. The third level and the highest risk of infection or the spread of pathogenic micro-organisms is in close contact with broken skin, equipment introduced into sterile body areas e. g. nose with endoscope, open wounds removing stitches, using sterile procedures with standard precautions. 2. 7 Describe how equipment should be cleaned and stored In ENT we have equipment to perform endoscope examinations, during the procedure the scope is taken from a sterile tray the scope is wiped with a alcohol wipe to keep the camera free from smears and prepared with aqua gel to help ease through he nasal passages after completing the exam wearing gloves it is removed from patient and placed in tray with red contamination liner on top to prevent spread of infection or re-use before cleaning. The scope is taken to the cleaning room where a sporicidel three-step process is carried out wearing gloves, apron and goggles. The scope is placed back in the tray with a green liner top to indicate it is clean. Instrument used to perform minor surgical procedures are cleaned by CSSD and are returned in a closed bag and stored in the clinic room. The equipment that is used in clinic i. e. bed, surfaces, computes, exam lights, phones and chairs are cleaned on a regular basis with Clinell wipes and they are disposed off in the clinical waste container. 3 Understand the importance of good waste management practice in the prevention of the spread of infection 3. 1 Identify the different categories of waste and the associated risks The different categories of waste generated by the hospital are segregated into categories depending on the particular risk. The hospital has different colour coded plastic waste bags, along with yellow sharps containers. Sharps are items that could cause injury and infection, i. e. needles, broken glass, syringes any other instruments or materials should be put into a sharps plastic yellow container. Clinical waste generated by hospital wards or departments that are a potential risk of infection or spread of disease have to be disposed into yellow or orange bags depending on the department, theatre or surgical waste needs to be orange and other clinical waste yellow bags. Human tissue, limbs or other bodily waste should be placed in orange bags Non-sharps items: soiled dressing, swabs, used gloves, non-sharp disposal materials are to be placed in yellow plastic bags contained in pedal bins with lids and foot pedals. High-risk material should be doubled bagged to avoid leaks of infectious materials. Other Waste with no potential risk of hazard or infection Catering Waste: white plastic bags, liquids in sluice Domestic/office/ General waste: black plastic bags 3. 2 Explain how to dispose of the different types of waste safely and without risk to others Sharp containers need to be put together lid and bin, dated, signed and placed in clinical area for use. When the container is three quarters full it should be sealed, signed and dated. Yellow clinical bags are securely sealed and removed by cleaning staff in the ENT department each day after clinic is finished. It is taken to the large yellow waste bin in outpatients Non-sharps Black bags are sealed and removed by cleaning staff daily and is taken to the general waste bins located outside of the Outpatients building. 3. 3 Explain how waste should be stored prior to collection Sharps containers are stored in the Outpatients large yellow waste container for disposal, where they are collected and taken for incineration Yellow bags are stored in the Outpatients large yellow waste container located in the sluice, where they are collected and taken for incineration. Black waste bags are taken to the waste bins outside once they are full and sealed where the appointed service waste company will collect them. 3. 4 Identify the legal responsibilities in relation to waste management The legal responsibility of the hospital is to provide a safe way of handling all the waste it generates in the appropriate way according to The Environmental Protection Act 1990, The Environment Protection (Duty of Care) Regulations, Heath and Safety Act and COSHH regulations 2002. It is their duty of care to comply with the regulations to ensure that safe management of the waste generated is disposed of according to these guidelines and that all members of staff are trained and informed of their individual responsibilities in managing and handling any waste. Waste is managed by having it segregated in to categories of infectious, hazardous or general waste. A colour-coded system is in place to ensure all waste is identifiable by the colour it is contained in. The hospitals policy for managing waste states the legal obligations and instructions how waste is to be managed. How the transportation and disposal of waste is managed. 3. 5 State how to reduce the risk of sharps injury To reduce the risk of a sharps injury, which can be caused when using any instrument that accidently punctures the skin, and can introduce a blood-borne virus into the blood stream. Employee training and knowledge in how to use a sharp instrument correctly, following the policies and procedures set out by the hospital management. The needle-stick Policy and action to be taken after exposure to blood and bodily fluids (including HIV post exposure Prophylaxis), Management of Needle-stick injuries and Exposure to blood and high-risk bodily fluids, Universal Infection Control Precautions (UICP), Personal protective Equipment Policy Performing a risk assessment prior to use, can reduce accidents, making sure the area in use has good lighting, that there is an easily accessible sharps container making sure it is not to full to allow disposal of any needles or sharp objects. Using engineering devices, i. e. Needleless connector systems Connectors use devices other than needles to connect one IV to another. Protective sheaths Sliding or hinged needle shields attached to disposable syringes. Retractable needles or blades Needles of sharps, that retracts into a syringe, or back into the device. Self-blunting- A blunt cannula seated inside a phlebotomy needle is advanced beyond the needle tip before the needle is withdrawn from the vein. Ref: https://www. rcn. org. uk/ Using these devices reduces the risk of accidental needle- stick injuries, to dispose of any sharps immediately after use, to follow standard precautions, infection control regulations and guidelines on how to dispose of any sharp materials including broken glass, blades, scalpels, or items that get into the blood system.